Terms of use

1. Definitions

In this Agreement, the following capitalised terms have these meanings:

1.1“AI” means artificial intelligence.

1.2“Amicus” means the AI assistant on isaaclu.com that answers questions about research papers written or co-written by Isaac Lu Yang.

1.3“BOA Autobot” means the Bundle of Authorities Autobot on isaaclu.com, which reads the footnotes of a draft submission and builds a bundle of authorities.

1.4“Document Data” means documents and text that the User uploads to a Project, including drafts uploaded to the BOA Autobot and templates added to Keystone, and the text read from them.

1.5“Documentation” means the pages, guides and other materials that Isaac Lu Yang makes available on isaaclu.com, or in a Project’s public source-code repository, describing how to use a Project.

1.6“Keystone” means the Resilient Contracts Autobot on isaaclu.com, which identifies clauses in contract templates that may be affected by changes in the law.

1.7“LLM” means a large language model: a type of AI model, trained on very large quantities of text, that interprets, summarises and generates text.

1.8“Open-Source Version” means the version of a Project published in its public source-code repository, which the User may run on the User’s own computer subject to the licence found in the online repository on GitHub.

1.9“Output” means the content that a Project produces in response to the User’s question, upload or other instruction, including Amicus’s answers, the BOA Autobot’s lists of authorities, check results and bundles, and Keystone’s alerts, briefings and redlines.

1.10“Personal Data” has the meaning given to it in the Personal Data Protection Act 2012.

1.11“Privacy Laws” means the Personal Data Protection Act 2012 and any other law governing the handling of Personal Data that applies to the Projects.

1.12“Privacy Policy” means the privacy policy of isaaclu.com, published at isaaclu.com/privacy, as revised from time to time.

1.13“Projects” means the versions of Amicus, the BOA Autobot and Keystone hosted on isaaclu.com, and any other project that Isaac Lu Yang hosts on isaaclu.com and makes subject to this Agreement, and “Project” means any one of them. The Projects do not include the Open-Source Versions, or the OpenCourt Model Context Protocol (MCP) services (available at isaaclu.com/opencourt/#mcp).

1.14“Service Providers” means the third parties that Isaac Lu Yang uses to run the Projects: Clerk, Inc. (sign-in), Cloudflare, Inc. (hosting of isaaclu.com and the bot check) and Google (Google Cloud, which hosts the Projects and provides the Third Party LLM).

1.15“Third Party LLM” means an LLM provided by a third party that a Project uses to generate Output. At the Effective Date, only Amicus uses one: Google’s Gemini models, accessed through Google Cloud’s Vertex AI.

1.16“Usage Data” means Document Data and User Data together.

1.17“User Data” means data specific to the User that arises from the User’s use of the Projects, including the User’s questions to Amicus, anything else the User types into a Project, and any feedback the User gives.

2. The Projects

2.1Right to Access and Use the Projects.

(a)From the Effective Date, Isaac Lu Yang will make the Projects available to the User, subject to the usage limits that Isaac Lu Yang sets from time to time and to the terms of this Agreement.

(b)Subject to this Agreement, Isaac Lu Yang grants the User a non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable and royalty-free right to access and use the Projects for the User’s own purposes, or for the internal purposes of the organisation for which the User acts.

2.2No Support or Availability Commitment. The Projects are demonstrations. Isaac Lu Yang has no obligation to provide support, to keep any Project available or operational, or to update or correct any Project.

2.3Documentation. The User may use the Documentation only as needed to support the User’s use of the Projects, and subject to any open-source licence that applies to it.

2.4Changes to the Projects. Isaac Lu Yang may change, suspend or withdraw any Project, or any of its features, at any time and without notice.

2.5The Keystone Demonstration Is Illustrative. The templates in Keystone’s demo library and their owners are fictional. The demo’s changes in the law are written for the demo. Their wording is not quoted from the gazette or from any Act, and they are not a statement of the law.

2.6OpenCourt MCP Services Excluded. This Agreement does not apply to the OpenCourt Model Context Protocol (MCP) services (described at isaaclu.com/opencourt/#mcp). Access to and use of the OpenCourt MCP services are governed by separate terms of use.

3. Fees

3.1No Fees. The Projects are provided free of charge. Isaac Lu Yang does not collect payment details from the User.

3.2Future Fees. Isaac Lu Yang may charge for a Project only after amending this Agreement under Section 12.11, and only for use after the amendment takes effect.

4. Data, security and privacy

4.1Processing of Usage Data. Each Project must process Usage Data in order to provide its features. Isaac Lu Yang does not share Usage Data with other users of the Projects, or with any third party, except as this Section 4 provides. Accordingly:

(a)Regarding Amicus and the Third Party LLM, the User understands, acknowledges and consents to the following:

i.Data Transmission and Retrieval. When the User asks Amicus a question, Amicus sends the question, up to the two previous questions and answers in the conversation, and the passages it has retrieved from the papers to the Third Party LLM, which generates the answer that Amicus returns to the User. To retrieve those passages, Amicus also sends the question, together with the previous question in the conversation, to an embedding model provided by Google on Google Cloud. All of this data is encrypted in transit.

ii.Data Protection by the Third Party LLM. Amicus sends Usage Data to the Third Party LLM only as needed to answer the User’s question. Google processes it under its Google Cloud terms, including its data processing terms. Isaac Lu Yang does not control or guarantee how Google handles data.

iii.No Third Party LLM Model Training. Under its Google Cloud terms, Google does not use the data that Amicus sends it to train its AI models without Isaac Lu Yang’s permission, and Isaac Lu Yang has not given that permission.

(b)Regarding the BOA Autobot and Keystone, the User understands and acknowledges the following:

i.No LLM or Machine-Learning Model. On isaaclu.com, the BOA Autobot sorts, and Keystone labels, Document Data by fixed deterministic rules. Document Data, and anything the User types into either Project, is not put through an AI language model of any size, or any other model built by machine learning. Keystone’s code includes optional features that can use an LLM, including its assistant, its labelling of clauses and its comparison of changes in the law. On isaaclu.com those features are switched off, and Keystone uses its rule-based versions of them instead.

ii.Where Document Data Is Processed. A draft uploaded to the BOA Autobot is processed on Google Cloud (enterprise). In Keystone, the User works in a private copy of the demo library, held in memory on Google Cloud (enterprise).

iii.What Else They Reach. Neither Project sends email; Keystone’s briefings are shown to the User only, and Keystone fetches no web pages. When the User asks the BOA Autobot to check the authorities, only the neutral citations of Singapore judgments (never the User’s draft) are sent to eLitigation, the Singapore courts’ public website, and they are sent from Isaac Lu Yang’s server, not from the User’s browser.

(c)Regarding Isaac Lu Yang’s own processing, the User understands, acknowledges and consents to the following:

i.General Data Processing. Isaac Lu Yang collects, processes and stores Usage Data only as necessary to provide the features of the Projects that the User uses. The information uploaded is stored for the purposes of providing service for the use of the relevant Project. Usage Data stored for the User is not visible or accessible to other users of the Projects.

ii.Analytics Data. Isaac Lu Yang counts visits to isaaclu.com anonymously (the page, what is clicked, the site the visitor came from, the visitor’s country and the type of device), without cookies and without recording any IP address, name or email address, to see which parts of the site are read. To run each Project and apply its usage limits, Isaac Lu Yang keeps a count of how often the User uses it each week, linked to the User’s sign-in, and deletes it within 30 days.

iii.Improving Amicus. Amicus keeps each question the User asks, linked to the User’s sign-in, together with a record of whether it was answered and which passages were used, and deletes it within 30 days. Isaac Lu Yang may review those records to improve Amicus and to prevent misuse. Amicus does not keep its answers. Usage Data is not used to train any AI model, and Document Data uploaded to the BOA Autobot or Keystone is not used to improve the Projects.

4.2Data Ownership.

(a)As between the Parties, the User owns:

i.all Usage Data; and

ii.all Output, and any rights Isaac Lu Yang may have in Output are assigned to the User.

This does not give the User rights in any Project itself, or in material that belongs to someone else, such as the judgments in a bundle or the research papers that Amicus quotes. The User is responsible for how the User uses Output.

(b)Isaac Lu Yang will not disclose Usage Data to other users of the Projects or to third parties, other than:

i.to the Service Providers, as necessary to provide the Projects;

ii.the neutral citations sent to eLitigation under Section 4.1(b)iii; or

iii.as permitted by Section 4.3(c).

(c)The User grants Isaac Lu Yang a non-exclusive, royalty-free, worldwide licence to use, copy, store, modify and transmit Usage Data solely to provide the Projects to the User and for the purposes described in Section 4.1.

(d)Notwithstanding the foregoing, Isaac Lu Yang may use Usage Data to compile anonymous, aggregated statistics, such as how many questions Amicus answered or withheld and how often each Project is used, that do not identify, and cannot reasonably be used to identify, the User or any other individual (the “Derived Data”). Isaac Lu Yang owns all Derived Data.

4.3Security.

(a)Isaac Lu Yang takes reasonable administrative and technical measures to protect Usage Data, and relies on the security measures of the Service Providers.

(b)Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement, Isaac Lu Yang has no responsibility or liability for (i) the accuracy of Usage Data that the User provides, or (ii) the User’s use of, or reliance on, Output.

(c)Notwithstanding anything else in this Agreement, Isaac Lu Yang may disclose Usage Data where required by law, or by a court or other governmental or regulatory authority.

4.4The User’s Personal Data.

(a)To administer the User’s sign-in, the Service Providers collect certain Personal Data. Clerk holds the User’s email address and, if the User signs in with Google, the User’s name and profile photo, and keeps a record of the User’s sign-ins, including the User’s IP address and browser. Cloudflare’s bot check uses the User’s IP address and information about the User’s browser. Signing in is handled by Clerk and the bot check by Cloudflare, under their own privacy terms.

(b)The User acknowledges that the Privacy Policy governs Isaac Lu Yang’s handling of the User’s Personal Data, that the Privacy Policy does not form part of this Agreement, and that Isaac Lu Yang may revise it under Section 12.11(b).

(c)The User must upload only documents that the User is entitled to share. The User must NOT upload a document that contains confidential or privileged information, or personal data that the User is not permitted to disclose. The User must remove that material first, or use the Open-Source Version, which runs on the User’s own computer. The User must not upload sensitive Personal Data, such as health, biometric, genetic, racial, ethnic or financial account information, to any Project.

(d)Isaac Lu Yang may disclose Personal Data to the Service Providers where necessary to provide the Projects.

5. User’s responsibilities and restrictions

5.1Acceptable Use.

(a)The User will use each Project through its page only, and will not:

i.access a Project with scripts, bots or other automated tools, including any software that simulates human activity, or scrape or copy a Project’s content in bulk;

ii.attempt to circumvent a Project’s usage limits, its bot check or any other security feature;

iii.share the User’s sign-in details with any other person, or allow more than one person to use them;

iv.use a Project to provide a service to third parties;

v.attempt to make Amicus ignore or reveal its instructions, or answer questions outside the papers it covers; or

vi.use a Project for any unlawful purpose.

(b)If Isaac Lu Yang suspects a breach of Section 5.1(a), Isaac Lu Yang may suspend or end the User’s access to any Project, without notice and in addition to any other remedy.

5.2Unauthorised Access. The User will take reasonable steps to keep the User’s sign-in details secure, and will notify Isaac Lu Yang promptly of any known or suspected unauthorised use of the User’s account.

5.3Compliance with Laws. In using the Projects, the User will comply with all applicable laws, including Privacy Laws.

5.4Non-Lawyer Reliance on Output. If the User is not a duly qualified lawyer, and does not act under the direction or supervision of one, the User will not rely on Output as legal advice, and will have any Output reviewed by a duly qualified lawyer before relying on it.

5.5Use Through the User’s Account. The User is responsible for all use of the Projects through the User’s account, whether or not the User authorised it.

5.6User Rights and Consents. The User confirms that the User has, and will keep, every right, consent and authorisation needed to provide Usage Data to the Projects and to allow Isaac Lu Yang to process it as this Agreement describes.

6. Intellectual property and feedback

6.1Rights in the Projects.

(a)Isaac Lu Yang, or the owners of the components that the Projects use, retain all right, title and interest in the Projects, including their software, user interfaces and design, and Keystone’s demo library. The research papers that Amicus quotes belong to their authors.

(b)This Agreement grants the User no intellectual property rights in the Projects, other than the right of use in Section 2.1. The Open-Source Versions are licensed separately, under the licences in their repositories. Nothing in this Agreement grants a licence to, or waives any of Isaac Lu Yang’s rights in, the Open-Source Versions or any other source-code repository of Isaac Lu Yang.

6.2Feedback. If the User gives Isaac Lu Yang suggestions or feedback about the Projects, Isaac Lu Yang may use them for any purpose, without any obligation to the User.

6.3Commercial Licensing. Licensing enquiries about the commercial use of Isaac Lu Yang’s source-code repositories, including the Open-Source Versions, may be sent to Isaac Lu Yang by email.

7. No confidential information

7.1The Projects are not designed for confidential material, and Section 4.4(c) prohibits uploading it. Isaac Lu Yang accepts no obligation of confidence in respect of Usage Data or feedback, beyond the obligations in Section 4 and the statements in the Privacy Policy.

8. Representations, warranties and disclaimers

8.1From Isaac Lu Yang. Isaac Lu Yang makes no representation or warranty about the Projects, except as expressly stated in this Agreement.

8.2From the User. The User represents and warrants that:

(a)the User is an individual aged 18 years or older; and

(b)where the User uses the Projects for a law firm or other organisation, the User is authorised to accept this Agreement on its behalf, and this Agreement binds that organisation as well as the User.

8.3Disclaimers.

(a)TO THE EXTENT THE LAW ALLOWS, THE USER ACCEPTS THE PROJECTS “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE”, WITHOUT ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF SATISFACTORY QUALITY, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR ANY WARRANTY ARISING FROM STATUTE, COURSE OF DEALING OR USAGE OF TRADE.

(b)WITHOUT LIMITING SECTION 8.3(a):

i.ISAAC LU YANG DOES NOT REPRESENT OR WARRANT THAT ANY PROJECT WILL PRODUCE ACCURATE, COMPLETE OR RELEVANT OUTPUT, OR WILL OPERATE WITHOUT INTERRUPTION OR ERROR. FOR EXAMPLE, THE BOA AUTOBOT CAN MISREAD A FOOTNOTE, PUT AN AUTHORITY IN THE WRONG TIER OR MISS A PINPOINT; KEYSTONE CAN MISS A CLAUSE THAT RELIES ON CHANGED LAW, FLAG ONE THAT DOES NOT, OR MISREAD A DOCUMENT; AND AMICUS CAN MISSTATE WHAT A PAPER SAYS.

ii.WHILE TAKING THE MEASURES IN SECTION 4.3(a), ISAAC LU YANG CANNOT GUARANTEE THAT THE PROJECTS ARE SECURE FROM HACKING OR OTHER UNAUTHORISED INTRUSION, OR THAT USAGE DATA WILL REMAIN PRIVATE OR SECURE IF SUCH AN INTRUSION OCCURS;

iii.ISAAC LU YANG DOES NOT REPRESENT THAT OUTPUT WILL BE SATISFACTORY TO THE USER IN ANY WAY, ESPECIALLY FOR DOCUMENTS OR QUESTIONS IN A LANGUAGE OTHER THAN ENGLISH; AND

iv.ISAAC LU YANG HAS NO CONTROL OVER THE OPERATION OF THE THIRD PARTY LLM, THE SERVICE PROVIDERS OR ELITIGATION, OVER THE OUTPUT THE THIRD PARTY LLM GENERATES, OR OVER THEIR CONTINUED AVAILABILITY, AND DOES NOT CONTROL OR GUARANTEE HOW GOOGLE HANDLES DATA.

(c)NOT LEGAL ADVICE. OUTPUT IS MEANT TO GIVE PRACTICAL AND USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT ITS SUBJECT, DRAWN FROM THE USER’S QUESTIONS, UPLOADS AND OTHER INPUTS. ALTHOUGH OUTPUT MAY CONCERN LEGAL MATTERS OR LEGAL DOCUMENTS, IT IS NOT LEGAL ADVICE. NOTHING IN THE PROJECTS, ON ISAACLU.COM OR IN ANY OUTPUT IS LEGAL ADVICE, AND USING THE PROJECTS DOES NOT CREATE A LAWYER–CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. THE PROJECTS AND ALL OUTPUT ARE PROVIDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY. THE USER WILL NOT RELY ON ANY OUTPUT WITHOUT SEEKING THE ADVICE OF, OR HAVING THE OUTPUT REVIEWED BY, A DULY QUALIFIED LAWYER IN THE RELEVANT AREA OF LAW AND JURISDICTION. ISAAC LU YANG DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES THROUGH THE PROJECTS, AND THE PROJECTS ARE NOT PROVIDED BY OR ON BEHALF OF ANY LAW FIRM. TO THE EXTENT THE LAW ALLOWS, ISAAC LU YANG DISCLAIMS ALL LIABILITY FOR ANY ACTION TAKEN OR NOT TAKEN BY THE USER, OR BY ANY OTHER PERSON, IN RELIANCE ON OUTPUT OR OTHERWISE IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OF THE PROJECTS.

(d)THE USER IS ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL DECISIONS MADE, ACTIONS TAKEN AND FAILURES TO ACT BASED ON THE USER’S USE OF THE PROJECTS. THIS INCLUDES ANY BUNDLE THE USER FILES, WHICH THE USER MUST CHECK AGAINST THE RULES OF COURT AND PRACTICE DIRECTIONS THAT APPLY TO THE USER’S MATTER, AND ANY DECISION ABOUT THE USER’S TEMPLATES. AMICUS’S OUTPUT IS GENERATED BY AN LLM, WHICH PREDICTS LIKELY TEXT FROM PATTERNS IN DATA AND CAN BE WRONG; THE BOA AUTOBOT’S AND KEYSTONE’S OUTPUT IS PRODUCED BY FIXED RULES, WHICH CAN ALSO BE WRONG. THE USER MUST CHECK ALL OUTPUT BEFORE RELYING ON IT.

9. Indemnification

9.1Indemnification by the User. The User will indemnify Isaac Lu Yang against any loss, liability and reasonable cost (including reasonable legal costs) arising from any claim, suit or proceeding brought by a third party that results from:

(a)the User’s intentional misuse of a Project;

(b)the User’s breach of Section 4.4(c) or Section 5; or

(c)Usage Data that infringes or violates any copyright, trade mark, confidentiality, privacy or other right of a third party.

9.2Conduct of Claims. Isaac Lu Yang will notify the User promptly of any claim under Section 9.1, and will not settle it in a way that requires an admission of fault by the User without the User’s prior written consent.

10. Limitation of liability

10.1Exclusion. TO THE EXTENT THE LAW ALLOWS, ISAAC LU YANG IS NOT LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS ARISING FROM THE USE OF THE PROJECTS.

10.2Cap. IF ANY LIABILITY CANNOT BE EXCLUDED UNDER SECTION 10.1, ISAAC LU YANG’S CUMULATIVE LIABILITY FOR ALL CLAIMS ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE PROJECTS WILL NOT EXCEED S$10.

10.3Excluded Damages. IN NO EVENT WILL ISAAC LU YANG BE LIABLE FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, LOSS OF BUSINESS OR LOSS OF OPPORTUNITY, OR FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT.

10.4Clarifications and Disclaimers.

(a)THIS SECTION 10 APPLIES:

i.TO LIABILITY FOR NEGLIGENCE;

ii.WHATEVER THE FORM OF ACTION, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, UNDER STATUTE OR OTHERWISE; AND

iii.EVEN IF ISAAC LU YANG WAS ADVISED IN ADVANCE THAT THE LOSS WAS POSSIBLE, AND EVEN IF IT WAS FORESEEABLE.

(b)The User acknowledges that Isaac Lu Yang provides the Projects free of charge in reliance on the limitations and disclaimers in this Section 10 and in Section 8.3, and that they form an essential basis of the bargain between the Parties.

(c)Nothing in this Agreement excludes or limits liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence, for fraud, or for any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by law.

11. Term and termination

11.1Term. This Agreement continues from the Effective Date until it is terminated under Section 11.2.

11.2Termination.

(a)The User may terminate this Agreement at any time by ceasing to use the Projects. The User may also ask for the User’s account to be deleted, as the Privacy Policy describes.

(b)Isaac Lu Yang may terminate this Agreement, or suspend or end the User’s access to any Project, at any time, with or without notice or cause.

11.3Effects of Termination. On termination, the User will immediately stop using the Projects. Usage Data will be handled as Section 4 and the Privacy Policy describe.

11.4Survival. Sections 4.2, 4.3(b), 6, 7, 8.3, 9, 10 and 12, and any other provision that must survive in order to fulfil its purpose, survive the termination of this Agreement.

12. Miscellaneous

12.1Independent Parties. Nothing in this Agreement makes Isaac Lu Yang the User’s lawyer, agent, partner or fiduciary, and neither Party may bind the other.

12.2Notices. Isaac Lu Yang may send notices under this Agreement to the email address with which the User signed in. The User may send notices to Isaac Lu Yang by email. A notice sent by email is treated as received 24 hours after it is sent.

12.3Force Majeure. Isaac Lu Yang is not in breach of this Agreement for any delay or failure caused by events beyond reasonable control, including acts of God, war, terrorism, epidemics, civil disorder, government orders, and the failure of a Service Provider, the Third Party LLM or eLitigation.

12.4Assignment and Successors. The User may not assign or transfer this Agreement without Isaac Lu Yang’s prior written consent. Isaac Lu Yang may assign this Agreement to any person who takes over a Project. This Agreement binds and benefits the Parties’ respective successors and permitted assigns.

12.5Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is held invalid or unenforceable, it will be given effect to the greatest extent the law allows, and the remaining provisions will continue in full force and effect.

12.6No Waiver. No failure or delay in exercising a right under this Agreement waives that right. A waiver is effective only if it is in writing, and a waiver of one breach does not waive any other breach.

12.7Choice of Law and Jurisdiction. This Agreement, and every claim arising out of or relating to it (including claims in tort), is governed by the laws of Singapore. The Parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of Singapore.

12.8Conflicts. If this Agreement conflicts with any other policy published on isaaclu.com, or with a summary of these terms on a Project’s page, this Agreement prevails.

12.9Rights of Third Parties. A person who is not a party to this Agreement shall have no right under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 2001 to enforce any of its terms.

12.10Entire Agreement. This Agreement is the entire agreement between the Parties about the Projects, and supersedes all earlier understandings about them. Neither Party has relied on any statement that is not set out in this Agreement.

12.11Amendments.

(a)Terms of Use: Isaac Lu Yang may amend this Agreement by publishing an amended version on isaaclu.com. When this Agreement changes, the User will be asked to accept it again before the User next uses the BOA Autobot or Keystone, and the amendment applies to the User from that acceptance. For Amicus, the amended version applies to questions asked after it is published.

(b)Privacy Policy: Isaac Lu Yang may revise the Privacy Policy at any time by publishing a new version on isaaclu.com. The new version takes effect on the date it is published.